Harmony
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Welcome
🎶
General
Introduction
Technology
Key Features
Consensus
Sharding
Randomness
Transactions
Effective Proof-of-Stake
Tokenomics
Horizon Bridge
DApps
Ecosystem
DAOs
Community
Grants
🏗️ Developers
Getting Started
Network & Faucets
Deploying on Harmony
Harmony Stack and Projects
List of Deployed Contracts
SDK
API
Wallets
Tools
DApp Examples
Hackathon & Bounties
Tutorials
🌏
Network
Governance
Holders
Validators
Delegators
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Key Features

Secure, Random State Sharding

Harmony has transcended the blockchain trilemma by bringing the best research to production. Sharding is proven to scale blockchains without compromising security and decentralization.
We divide not only our network nodes but also the blockchain states into shards, scaling linearly in all three aspects of machines, transactions and storages.
To prevent single shard attacks, we must have a sufficiently large number of nodes per shard and cryptographic randomness to re-shard regularly. Each shard has 1/4 of nodes for strong security guarantee against Byzantine behaviors. We use Verifiable Random Function (VRF) for un-biased and unpredictable shard membership.

Fast Consensus w/ Instant Finality

Harmony has innovated on the battle-tested Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) for fast consensus of block transactions. Our Fast BFT (FBFT) leads to low transaction fees and 1-block-time finality in Harmony Mainnet.
We use Boneh–Lynn–Shacham (BLS) constant-sized signatures to commit blocks in a single round of consensus messages. We achieve 2-second block time with view changes in production against adversarial or unavailable leaders.
Harmony Mainnet was launched in June 2019. Our network has produced 30M+ blocks with 450k+ transactions in publicly traded, native ONE tokens.

Effective PoS & Token Economics

Harmony has designed a novel Proof-of-Stake (PoS) mechanism for network security and economics. Our Effective Proof-of-Stake (EPoS) reduces centralization and distributes rewards fairly to thousands of validators.
Our staking mechanism supports delegation and reward compounding. To support 100% uptime but fully open participation, EPoS slashes validators who double-sign and it penalizes elected but unavailable nodes.
Harmony Economics Model caps the annual issuance at 441 million tokens (about 3% rate in long term). Our model gives validators a simple and predictable return. All transaction fees are burnt to offset the issuance, naturally leading to zero inflation when our network usage becomes high.
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Contents
Secure, Random State Sharding
Fast Consensus w/ Instant Finality
Effective PoS & Token Economics